Scriptum Cogitationes Pro Defunctis: Keeper of the Bees

"Out of the eater came something to eat,
out of the strong came something sweet"
Judges 14:14

References:

http://www3.telus.net/conrad/beestars.htm

http://andrewgough.co.uk/articles_bee1/

http://www3.telus.net/conrad/war-bees.htm

bij 2 zn. ‘insect (honingbij: Apis mellifera)’
Onl. in de plaatsnaam Bingart ‘Bingerden (Gelderland)’ [970; Künzel]; mnl. bie ‘honingbij’ [1240; Bern.]; vnnl. bij ‘id.’ [1574; Kil.].
Os. bī- (mnd. be, bie); ohd. bīa [10^e eeuw] (mhd. bie; Opperduits Beie); nfri. bij; oe. bēo, eerder bio-wyrt ‘balsemwormkruid (Tanacetum balsamita)’ [ca. 700] en bēowulf ‘beer’, letterlijk ‘bijenwolf’ (ne. bee); on. bý (nzw. bi). Daarnaast staan vormen met -n-uitbreiding: os. bina, bina-wīso ‘bijenkoningin’, bini (mnd. ben(e), bine); ohd. bini [8^e eeuw], bīna [10^e eeuw] (nhd. Biene); < pgm. *bi(j)ō- ‘bij’.
Buiten het Germaans, met -t-uitbreiding: Litouws bìtė; Welsh byd-af ‘bijennest’; met -k-uitbreiding: Oudkerkslavisch bĭčela (Russisch pčela, Tsjechisch včela); met afwijkend vocalisme: Oudiers bech (als Keltisch *beko- kan worden aangenomen). De aanname van een wortel pie. *b^h(e)i- ‘bij’ (IEW 116) is twijfelachtig. Gezien de verspreiding en het betekenisveld moet gedacht worden aan een substraatwoord, waarvan de vele verschillende vormen dan als aanpassingen aan de diverse talen beschouwd kunnen worden.
Mnl. -ie- van bie wordt klankwettig geen -ij-. Slechts in enkele woorden, waar de -ie in de auslaut stond, viel deze klinker samen met de -ī- en werd dan gediftongeerd, zie Schönfeld 1970, par. 76, opm. 1.

imker zn. ‘bijenhouder’
Mnl. in de samenstelling im(me)care ‘bijenkorf’ [1477; Teuth.]; nnl. ijmker ‘bijenhouder’ [1809; Wdb. ND], immeker ‘id.’ [1832; Bomhoff NE], imker ‘bijenhouder’ [1886; WNT], ijmker ‘id.’ [1896; WNT].
Een West-Germaans woord dat nu alleen nog in het Nederlands bestaat en waarvan de herkomst onduidelijk is. Wat zeker is, is dat de eerste lettergreep teruggaat op mnl. imme (van byhen) ‘(bijen)zwerm’ [1477; Teuth.], ijme- ‘bijen-’ [1488; MNW immecorf], vnnl. immen ‘bijen’ [1567; MNW], een vooral in de noordoostelijke dialecten voorkomend woord, waarvan de oudste betekenis ‘bijenzwerm’ lijkt te zijn, waaruit bij overdracht de betekenis ‘bij’ is ontstaan. Het tweede lid zou ontstaan kunnen zijn uit mnl. caer ‘korf, bijenkorf’, het huidige → kaar ‘korf’, met afzwakking van onbeklemtoond -caer in de samenstelling tot -ker. Voor de verdere ontwikkeling van het woord zijn er dan twee mogelijkheden: a) de verzwakte eindklank -er werd opgevat als uitgang die een handelend persoon aangeeft, zie → -aar, waardoor betekenisverschuiving optrad; b) om een handelend persoon aan te geven werd juist een uitgang -er toegevoegd, wat een in het Nederlands verboden opeenvolging /rər/ zou opleveren in*imcarer of *imcerer, zodat de laatste -r afviel. Verklaring b lijkt onwaarschijnlijker, omdat het Nederlands normaal gesproken /rər/ opheft door een d in te voegen zoals in → eerder, waardoor *imkaarder zou ontstaan.
Een alternatieve verklaring voor imker (WNT) gaat niet uit van een samenstellend tweede lid caer, maar direct van imme + -er, met tussenvoeging van een -k- ter welluidendheid en naar analogie van de eveneens noordoostelijke woorden bijker ‘iemker’, kooiker ‘persoon die een eendenkooi houdt’, touwker ‘vogelvanger met netten en strikken’. Zo'n klanktussenvoeging lijkt tamelijk arbitrair en de analogie verliep misschien andersom; vóór deze etymologie pleit echter het Groningse werkwoord iemkn, iemkjen ‘bijen houden’, waarvan iemker ‘imker’ een regelmatige afleiding kan zijn.
Naast mnl. imme alleen mnd. imme ‘bijenzwerm’; ohd. imbi ‘bijenzwerm’ (mhd. imbe, impe, imme ‘bijenzwerm, bijenvolk, bij’; nhd. Imme ‘bij’); oe. imbe ‘bijenzwerm’; op grond hiervan lijkt ‘(bijen)zwerm’ de oudste betekenis te zijn. Naast mnl. immecare os. bīkar, mnd. immenkar, mhd. bīnenkar ‘bijenkorf’. In het Duits en Engels verdrongen door de onder → bij 2 genoemde woorden en samenstellingen daarmee.
Onzeker is de verbinding van imme met Oudiers imbed, Oudwelsh immet ‘menigte’, onwaarschijnlijk die met Grieks empís ‘steekmug’.
Deze woorden zijn in het Nederlands pas laat geattesteerd, wat conclusies over herkomst en ontwikkeling problematisch maakt. Voor bijker bestaat echter indirect bewijs van hogere ouderdom in middeleeuws Latijn bigrius ‘imker’ [1155-73; TLF], Frans (in de 12^e-14^e eeuw vooral Normandisch) bigre [1257; TLF], Oudengels beōcere ‘id.’, waarnaast volksetymologisch ook beōceorl, letterlijk ‘bijenkerel’. Welk van deze woorden oorspronkelijk is of is ontleend, is echter niet duidelijk. Het Oudengelse woord kan oorspronkelijk zijn, net als Oudsaksisch bīkar.

korf m., Mnl. en Os. corf + Ohd. korb (Mhd. korp, Nhd. korb), On. korf (Zw. korg, De. kurv): niet ontleend aan Lat. corbis, maar echt Germ. , als blijkt uit zijn verhouding tot kribbe, waarvoor vergel. bord, berd (Hgd. brett).

koffer. Of fr. coffre rechtstreeks uit lat. cophinus, gr. kóphinos is ontwikkeld, is niet zeker. Misschien behoort het met gr. kóphinos tot een groep van niet-idg. zwerfwoorden met onderling gelijkend consonantisme die in verschillende talen om de Middell. Zee voorkomen en op een grondwoord wijzen met een bet. als ‘gevlochten vaatwerk’. Zie over deze woorden Marcel Cohen BSL. 27, 1, 81 vlgg., waar ook de onder karaf, kof, kop, korf, kuip genoemde lat. of rom. woorden ter sprake komen. Discussie en verdere bijzonderheden (b.v. over mogelijke herkomst van het grondwoord uit het Polynesisch: Cohen BSL. 28, 2, 48 vlgg.) liggen buiten het bestek van een nederl. etymologicon.

bee (n.)stinging insect, Old English beo "bee," from Proto-Germanic *bion (cognates: Old Norse by, Old High German bia, Middle Dutch bie), possibly from PIE root *bhi- "quiver." Used metaphorically for "busy worker" since 1530s.

beehive (n.) early 14c., from bee + hive (n.). As the name of a hairstyle, attested from 1960 (the style itself said to be popular from 1958). As the name of a star cluster in the constellation Cancer, from 1840 (see Praesepe).

hive (n.) Old English hyf "beehive," from Proto-Germanic *hufiz (cognates: Old Norse hufr "hull of a ship"), from PIE *keup- "round container, bowl" (cognates: Sanskrit kupah "hollow, pit, cave," Greek kypellon "cup," Latin cupa "tub, cask, vat"). Figurative sense of "swarming, busy place" is from 1630s. As a verb, of bees, etc., "to form themselves into a hive," c. 1400; "to put bees in a hive," mid-15c.

beef (n.) c. 1300, from Old French buef "ox; beef; ox hide" (11c., Modern French boeuf), from Latin bovem (nominative bos, genitive bovis) "ox, cow," from PIE root *gwou- "cow, ox, bull" (see cow (n.)). Original plural was beeves.

Beelzebub Old English Belzebub, Philistine god worshipped at Ekron (2 Kings i:2), from Latin, used in Vulgate for New Testament Greek beelzeboub, from Hebrew ba'al-z'bub "lord of the flies," from ba'al "lord" (see Baal) + z'bhubh "fly." By later Christian writers often taken as another name for "Satan," though Milton made him one of the fallen angels. Baal being originally a title, it was applied by the Hebrews to neighboring divinities based on their attributes; other examples include Baal-berith "the covenant lord," god of the Shechemites; Baal-peor "lord of the opening," a god of Moab and Midian.


Also 'lord of the flies' (wiki) The Septuagint renders the name as Baalzebub (βααλζεβούβ) and as Baal muian (βααλ μυιαν, "Baal of flies"), but Symmachus the Ebionite may have reflected a tradition of its offensive ancient name when he rendered it as Beelzeboul

beer (n.) Old English beor "strong drink, beer, mead," a word of much-disputed and ambiguous origin, cognate with Old Frisian biar, Middle Dutch and Dutch bier, Old High German bior, German Bier.

honeycomb (n.) Old English hunigcamb; see honey (n.) + comb (n). Probably the image is from wool combing. Transferred use, of structures of similar appearance, from 1520s. As a verb, from 1620s (implied in honeycombed).

RAat zn. ‘wasbouwsel in een bijenkorf’
Onl. rāta ‘waskoek’ in suottera over honog in rata ‘zoeter dan honing en honingraat’ [10^e eeuw; W.Ps.]; mnl. rate ‘id.’ in si maken was ende oec raten ‘ze (de bijen) maken was en ook raten’ [1287; VMNW]; vnnl. raet.
Ohd. rāza v. (nhd. gewest. Roße), mhd. rāz o. (nhd. gewest. Roß); < pgm. *hrētō-, *hrēta-. Daarnaast staan, met onverklaard vocalisme, de weinig frequente nevenvormen mnl. rete ‘raat’ [1339; MNW] en rote [ca. 1425; MNW]. De *h wordt gereconstrueerd op grond van vulgair Latijn frata mellis ‘honingraat’ in de Reichenauer glossen, geschreven in Noord-Frankrijk in de 8^e eeuw. Hierin is frata een Frankisch leenwoord. Later ontstond daaruit Oudfrans ree ‘honingraat’ [ca. 1130; TLF], waarvan uiteindelijk Nieuwfrans rayon ‘raat’ is afgeleid.
Mogelijk hetzelfde woord als mhd. rāze ‘brandstapel’, waarbij men van een gemeenschappelijke betekenis ‘vlechtwerk’ zou kunnen uitgaan. Verwant is dan wellicht Kerkslavisch krada ‘brandstapel’, hoewel dat qua vorm niet goed te verantwoorden is, aangezien dat via Proto-Slavisch *korda- moet teruggaan op pie. *kord- en Proto-Germaans *hrēt- op pie. *kreh₂d-. Verband met → hor bij een wortel pie. *k(e)rt- ‘vlechten’ (IEW 584) is zeer hypothetisch, hoewel semantisch goed te verdedigen: ook Hoogduits Wabe ‘raat’ is afgeleid van de wortel van → weven.

berd zn. ‘bord, plank, tafel’, in iets te berde brengen ‘met iets voor de dag komen’
Mnl. bert ‘plank’ [1240; Bern.], sijt har cnape heuet ghemaect drie thekene met enen hamere ane enich bert ‘aangezien haar dienaar drie tekens heeft gemaakt met een hamer op een of andere plank’ [1289; CG I, 1347], een scaec bert ‘een schaakbord’ [1340-60; MNW-R], bert ‘bord’ [1351; MNW-P], ook bart, bort; vnnl. berd ‘lat, plank, tafel’ [1599; Kil.], te berde brengen ‘aan de orde stellen (letterlijk: ter tafel brengen)’ [1644; WNT].
Als ablautvorm verwant met → bord. Via metathese uit een in het Nederlands niet geattesteerd *bred.
Bij *bred: os. bred ‘plank, speelbord’ (mnd. bret), to brede komen (uitdrukking) ‘aan de top komen’; ohd. bret ‘plank’ (nhd. Brett); oe. bred; < pgm. *breda- ‘plank’.
Men poneert pie. *b^herd^h- (IEW 138), maar de verschillende vormen, die alleen in het Germaans voorkomen, en de betekenis (‘houtwerk’) wijzen eerder op een substraatwoord.

comb (n.) Old English camb "comb, crest, honeycomb" (later Anglian comb), from Proto-Germanic *kambaz (cognates: Old Saxon and Old High German camb, German Kamm, Middle Dutch cam, Dutch kam, Old Norse kambr), literally "toothed object," from PIE *gombhos, from root *gembh- "to bite, tooth" (cognates: Greek gomphos "a molar tooth," Sanskrit gambha-s "tooth").

Bees in warfare

http://www3.telus.net/conrad/war-bees.htm



beven ww., mnl. bēven. = (onfr. bivonga v. “tremor”), ohd. bibên (nhd. beben), os. biƀon, ofri. bëvia, ags. beofian, on. bifa “beven”. Een reduplicatieformatie van den idg. wortel *bhei- “vreezen”, waarvan ook obg. boją, bojati sę “vreezen”, lit. bijótis “id.”, báimė “vrees”, oi. bháyate “hij vreest”. Evenwel moet de oude hypothese, dat het germ. praesens, ohd. bibêm enz. = oi. bibhémi zou zijn, opgegeven worden, aangezien bibhémi een jong praesens is naast ouder bháye; wsch. is ʼt een perfectum met praesens-bet., dat later ook praesens-flexie heeft aangenomen; vgl. ook av. bayente “zij maken bang”: biwivå̂ “bevreesd”.
bibberen ww., bijvormen (oudnnl.en dial.) bibbelen, bubbelen, eerst nnl. Een frequentatief-formatie bij beven, evenals nhd. bebern, noordfri. bevern, on. bifra. Vgl. dribbelen, kibbelen, stribbelen.

sidderen ww. ‘trillen’
Mnl. tzitteren ‘hevig trillen’ in beven, tzitteren, schuveren [1477; Teuth.]; vnnl. tseteren [1573; Thes.], sitteren, tsitteren, tseteren, ceteren [1599; Kil.], tsidderen in Het hart des Minnaers brandt en tsiddert al alleens [1611; WNT verwonderen I], sidderen in Men siddert slagh op slagh, En elcke waterbergh hun dreyght den jonghsten dagh [1623; WNT water].
Ontleend aan Hoogduits zittern ‘hevig trillen’ [13^e eeuw; Kluge], ontwikkeld uit Oudhoogduits zittarōn, wrsch. een klankexpressief woord, vergelijkbaar met → bibberen.
Hierbij: mnd. setteren, sēteren; on. titra ‘beven’ (nzw. (vero.) tittra); nde./nno. sitre is net als nl. sidderen aan het hd. ontleend; < pgm. *titarōn-.
♦ sidderaal zn. ‘vis (Gymnotus electricus)’. Nnl. sidderaal ‘beefaal’ [1812; Weiland, Spelling]. Samenstelling van sidderen en → aal 1. Oudere benamingen zijn siddervisch en beef-aal [beide 1764; Houttuyn].

quiver (n.) "case for holding arrows," early 14c., from Anglo-French quiveir, Old French quivre, cuivre, probably of Germanic origin, from Proto-Germanic *kukur "container" (cognates: Old High German kohhari, German Köcher, Old Saxon kokar, Old Frisian koker, Old English cocur "quiver"); "said to be from the language of the Huns" [Barnhart]. Related: Quiverful.
quiver (v.) "to tremble," late 15c., perhaps imitative, or possibly an alteration of quaveren (see quaver), or from Old English cwifer- (in cwiferlice "zealously"), which is perhaps related to cwic "alive" (see quick). Related: Quivered; quivering. As a noun in this sense from 1715, from the verb.

The bee, found in Ancient Near East and Aegean cultures, was believed to be the sacred insect that bridged the natural world to the underworld.
Motifs of a bee god, Ah-Muzen-Cab, are seen in Maya civilization.
In ancient Egypt, the bee was an insignia of kingship associated particularly with Lower Egypt, where there may even have been a Bee King in pre-dynastic times.^[23] After the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt, this symbol was incorporated in the title usually preceding the throne name of pharaoh and expressing the unity of the two realms, He of the Sedge and of the Bee.
Honey bees, signifying immortality and resurrection, were royal emblems of the Merovingians, revived by Napoleon.^[24] The bee is also the heraldic emblem of the Barberini. In heraldry, the bee symbolizes diligence and indefatigable effort. Someone is said to be busy as a bee when he or she works tirelessly and regardless of schedules or breaks.
A community of honey bees has often been employed by political theorists as a model of human society. This metaphor occurs in Aristotle and Plato; in Virgil^[25] and Seneca; in Erasmus and Shakespeare and in Bernard Mandeville's Fable of the Bees, or Private Vices made Public Benefits,^[26] which influenced Montesquieu and Marx. Tolstoy also compares human society to a community of bees in War and Peace.

Social Behavior

Behaviorism

Socialism

Behave

Bee+Hive

perception (n.) late 14c., "receiving, collection," from Latin perceptionem (nominative perceptio) "perception, apprehension, a taking,"

Praesepe (n.) loose ("open") star cluster (M44) in Cancer, from Latin praesaepe the Roman name for the grouping, literally "enclosure, stall, manger, hive," from prae- (see pre-) + saepire "to fence" (see septum).

septum (n.) "partition between the nostrils," 1690s, Modern Latin, from Latin saeptum "a fence, enclosure, partition," from neuter past participle of saepire "to hedge in," from saepes "hedge, fence." Related: Septal.
sept (n.) 1540s, "enclosed area," from Latin septum (see septum). As "division of a nation or tribe," 1510s, "prob. a var. of sect" [OED].

have (v.) Old English habban "to own, possess; be subject to, experience," from Proto-Germanic *haben- (cognates: Old Norse hafa, Old Saxon hebbjan, Old Frisian habba, German haben, Gothic haban "to have"), from PIE *kap- "to grasp" (see capable). Not related to Latin habere, despite similarity in form and sense; the Latin cognate is capere "seize.
Sense of "possess, have at one's disposal" (I have a book) is a shift from older languages, where the thing possessed was made the subject and the possessor took the dative case (as in Latin est mihi liber "I have a book," literally "there is to me a book"). Used as an auxiliary in Old English, too (especially to form present perfect tense); the word has taken on more functions over time; Modern English he had better would have been Old English him (dative) wære betere.
To have to for "must" (1570s) is from sense of "possess as a duty or thing to be done" (Old English). Phrase have a nice day as a salutation after a commercial transaction attested by 1970, American English. Phrase have (noun), will (verb) is from 1954, originally from comedian Bob Hope, in the form Have tux, will travel; Hope described this as typical of vaudevillians' ads in "Variety," indicating a willingness and readiness to perform anywhere.

slave (n.) late 13c., "person who is the chattel or property of another," from Old French esclave (13c.), from Medieval Latin Sclavus "slave" (source also of Italian schiavo, French esclave, Spanish esclavo), originally "Slav" (see Slav); so used in this secondary sense because of the many Slavs sold into slavery by conquering peoples.
This sense development arose in the consequence of the wars waged by Otto the Great and his successors against the Slavs, a great number of whom they took captive and sold into slavery. [Klein]
Meaning "one who has lost the power of resistance to some habit or vice" is from 1550s. Applied to devices from 1904, especially those which are controlled by others (compare slave jib in sailing, similarly of locomotives, flash bulbs, amplifiers). Slave-driver is attested from 1807; extended sense of "cruel or exacting task-master" is by 1854. Slate state in U.S. history is from 1812. Slave-trade is attested from 1734.


Old English Wealh "Briton" also began to be used in the sense of "serf, slave" c.850; and Sanskrit dasa-, which can mean "slave," apparently is connected to dasyu- "pre-Aryan inhabitant of India." Grose's dictionary (1785) has under Negroe "A black-a-moor; figuratively used for a slave," without regard to race. More common Old English words for slave were þeow (related to þeowian "to serve") and þræl (see thrall). The Slavic words for "slave" (Russian rab, Serbo-Croatian rob, Old Church Slavonic rabu) are from Old Slavic *orbu, from the PIE root *orbh- (also source of orphan), the ground sense of which seems to be "thing that changes allegiance" (in the case of the slave, from himself to his master). The Slavic word is also the source of robot.

serve (v.) late 12c., "to render habitual obedience to," also "minister, give aid, give help," from Old French servir "to do duty toward, show devotion to; set table, serve at table; offer, provide with," from Latin servire "be a servant, be in service, be enslaved;" figuratively "be devoted; be governed by; comply with; conform; flatter," originally "be a slave," related to servus "slave," perhaps from Etruscan (compare Etruscan proper names Servi, Serve, Latinized as Servius).
By c. 1200 also as "to be in the service of, perform a service for; attend upon, be personal servant to; be a slave; owe allegiance to; officiate at Mass or other religious rites;" from early 13c. as "set food at table;" mid-14c. as "to wait on (customers)." From late 14c. as "treat (someone or something) in some fashion." To serve (someone) right"to treat as he deserves" is recorded from 1580s

He no schuld neuer wond To seruen him fro fot to hond ["Amis and Amiloun," c. 1330]

Sense of "be useful, be beneficial, be suitable for a purpose or function" is from early 14c.; that of "take the place or meet the needs of, be equal to the task" is from late 14c.; that of "suffice" is from mid-15c. Meaning "render active military service" is from 1510s. Sporting sense, in tennis, badminton, etc., first recorded 1580s. Legal sense "present" (a writ, warrant,etc.), "give legal notice of" is from early 15c.


Busy Bee
Bumble Bee
Bezige Bij
Busy
Business

humble (adj.) mid-13c., from Old French humble, earlier humele, from Latin humilis "lowly, humble," literally "on the ground," from humus "earth." Senses of "not self-asserting" and "of low birth or rank" were both in Middle English Related: Humbly; humbleness.

Bumble "self-important petty official," 1856, from the name of the fussy, pompous, stupid beadle in Dickens' "Oliver Twist."

bumble (v.) "to flounder, blunder," 1530s, probably of imitative origin. Related: Bumbled; bumbler; bumbling.

bumblebee (n.) also bumble-bee, 1520s, replacing Middle English humbul-be (altered by association with Middle English bombeln "to boom, buzz," late 14c.); echoic, from PIE echoic root *kem "to hum."

busy (adj.) Old English bisig "careful, anxious," later "continually employed or occupied," cognate with Old Dutch bezich, Low German besig; no known connection with any other Germanic or Indo-European language. Still pronounced as in Middle English, but for some unclear reason the spelling shifted to -u- in 15c. The notion of "anxiousness" has drained from the word since Middle English. Often in a bad sense in early Modern English, "prying, meddlesome" (preserved in busybody). The word was a euphemism for "sexually active" in 17c. Of telephone lines, 1893. Of display work, "excessively detailed, visually cluttered," 1903.

business (n.) Old English bisignes (Northumbrian) "care, anxiety, occupation," from bisig "careful, anxious, busy, occupied, diligent" (see busy (adj.)) + -ness. Middle English sense of "state of being much occupied or engaged" (mid-14c.) is obsolete, replaced by busyness. Sense of "a person's work, occupation" is first recorded late 14c. (in late Old English bisig (adj.) appears as a noun with the sense "occupation, state of employment"). Meaning "what one is about at the moment" is from 1590s. Sense of "trade, commercial engagements" is first attested 1727. In 17c. it also could mean "sexual intercourse." Modern two-syllable pronunciation is 17c.

-ness word-forming element denoting action, quality, or state, attached to an adjective or past participle to form an abstract noun, from Old English -nes(s), from Proto-Germanic *in-assu- (cognates: Old Saxon -nissi, Middle Dutch -nisse, Dutch -nis, Old High German -nissa, German -nis, Gothic -inassus), from *-in-, noun stem, + *-assu-, abstract noun suffix, probably from the same root as Latin -tudo (see -tude).

beatitude (n.) early 15c., "supreme happiness," from Middle French béatitude (15c.) and directly from Latin beatitudinem (nominative beatitudo) "state of blessedness," from past participle stem of beare "make happy" (see bene-). As "a declaration of blessedness" (usually plural, beatitudes, especially in reference to the Sermon on the Mount) it is attested from 1520s.

Milk and Honey
The Bull and the Bee

In the ritual of the APIS BULL, the symbiosis of the bee and the bull, the hive was placed on the bull's head and would be eaten out alive as food for the creation of the beehive.
the one was offered for the many